Isistimu Yokuvula Kwesikhumba Sekhaya Yezimpilo Kusenzi Kanjani?

Izindlela Zokusebenza Kwezinyangoma Zokuvula Kwizindawo Zokusebenza Kwabasemaphilweni

Ukuphakanyiswa, Ukuchithwa, nokuvulwa Kwamafutha Ngokuphakathi Kwezindlela Zokusebenza

Amaphoyisa emazwe aseZulwini asezingeni lezinsuku zihlala ziyasebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zokugcina izindawo zokuphatha kuzo zingasemthwakweni: ukuthintela amasimbi, ukufilta isilwane, nokukhokha isilwane ngendlela eyodwa. Ukuthintela kusebenza ngokuguqula isilwane ngamahora angu-20 ku-25, okuhlela ukususa amadoda amadala aphuma kusilwane esikhiyisweni sokuphatha. Kukufilta, amaphoyisa ayisebenzisa izifilta ze-HEPA noma ze-MERV-16 ozizokhokha izinto eziyinkulu zonke ezinkulu kune-0.3 microns, okuyizokhokha izinto zonke ezinomthelela njengamabacteria, amavirus, futhi namaspori we-mold. Uma kubhekwa indlela yokudlula kwesilwane, amaphoyisa amaningi asezingeni lezinsuku ayakhokha isilwane esihle ngokuphelele phansi kusuka kumkhakha noma ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuphatha, okukhokha amasimbi nezinto eziphambili kusukela kwezindawo zokuphatha. Ukugcina lezi zindlela zonke kunciphisa izinfeksheni emva kokuphatha ngokuphelele kusukela kwezinye izinhlobo zokugcina isilwane. Kodwa uma isilwane sikhokhwa ngendlela engafanele, izinto zibadala ngokushesha – izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izindlela ezingafanele zokudlula kwesilwane zingakhokha izinkinga zokunqamuka ngokuphelele kusukela kwe-30 percent.

Kungani Amaphutha E-Ayir Aqhubeka Ngokubheka Ukuthi Kufanele Kwenziwe Ukuphatha Okuphelele Kwemithombo Yokuqonda

Izinkulungwane ze-Staphylococcus aureus ezingakhiwa ngemitha yezibini 0.5 kuya kuma-1 ehlukene kuzoba zihlala zihlambuluka emhlabathini ngemizuzu eminingi ngoba zingamancane kakhulu. Lokhu kuzokwenza zibe nempilo engaphansi kakhulu xa izindawo zokusebenza zinamandla okuhamba kwamanzi angafanele. Ngokuphathelene nokufa kwezinkulungwane zonke ezifunyanwa ngemuva kokusebenza, kabili kwezintathu ziyakhiwa ngamaphakade amancane kunezimitha ezintathu, kodwa izinhlangano zokuhamba kwamanzi ezigcwele aziphinde azikwazi ukubeka lezi zinkulungwane ezingamancane kakhulu ngokuphelele. Izinhlangano zokuhamba kwamanzi ezingaphansi kwezindawo ezingasemthwakathini zidinga ukuthi amanzi ayohamba ngokuphelele ngemitha yezibini 0.15 kuya kuma-0.25 ngosekondi ukuze kuvikeke ukuthi amanzi ayohlambuluka futhi abuyise izinkulungwane emsebenzini wabasebenzi. Umphroblem wencane njengekhanda elingakwazi ukugcina ngokuphelele noma umgqumo wokuhlambuluka kwezinhlangano zokuhamba kwamanzi ungaongeza impilo yokufa ngemigqa eminingi. Futhi uma sibona ukuthi izihospital zihlula imali mangaki xa abantu bafuna izinkulungwane ngemuva kokusebenza – ngokwesikhathi esedlule sengathi ngama-$740k ngalokho ngokwesifundo sase-Ponemon Institute – ukuthi amanzi ayohlambuluka ngokuphelele ayikho futhi yisikhundla esingaphansi kuphela. Kuyisikhundla sesayensi sokubusa impilo esingaphambi kakhulu esinokuthi kubhekisele kumiphumela yabantu.

Isimo Sokuvumela: Izindlela zika-ASHRAE 170 nezindlela zika-CDC zokuphatha ukuvula kwezindlu zokusebenza zemikhumbi

Ukuguqula kwamanzi ngamahora, izinkinga zokuphakama, nezinkinga zokugcina izindawo

Isiphumo se-ASHRAE Standard 170-2021 nakwezindlela zokulawula ukugcina kwezinye izindawo zokusebenza zase-CDC e-2023 zibonisa izinto eziningi ezidingekayo ngokwesikhathi sokuphatha kwezinye izindawo zokusebenza. Ngokwalezi zindlela, izindawo zokusebenza zezinhlobo zonke kufanele zibe nezinguquko zokuhamba kwamanzi ezinkambo ezingu-20 ngamuhla, kodwa izindawo zokusebenza ezihlukene njengezindawo zokusebenza kwezinhlobo zokubeka amaswidi, ukubeka amaswidi amasha, noma ukusebenza kwezinhlobo zokubeka amaswidi emhlabeni kufanele zibe nezinguquko zokuhamba kwamanzi ezinkambo ezingu-25 ukuze zihlanganise ngokuphelele izinto ezingavumelekile kumoya. Kunezinkinga zokuthi kufanele kube nezinguquko zokuphakama okungafana nge-0.01 inch water gauge ngaphezu kwezindawo zokuhamba eziphakathi ukuze umoya waphakathi awungeke wengcwele ngaphandle kokuvulwa. Ngokwesakhiwo, kunezindlela eziphakeme ekuthi kufanele kubhekwe isikhundla sokuzinhlaka ngokuphelele kusukela kwezindawo zokusekela. Amathuba amaningi ayisebenzisa izindawo zokunquma noma izindawo zokuvulwa kahle phakathi kwezi zikhundla ukuze zihlanganise ngokuphelele izindawo. Ukubambisana kwezi zindlela zonke kubonakala ukuthi kunciphisa izifo zokusebenza kwezindawo ngemitha yezinkambo ngokuphelele ngokwesifundo sase-AORN esayisenzeka ngo-2022. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zindlela zokuphatha kwezinkambo zihlanganisa ngokuphelele nezinkinga zokusebenza kwezinkambo ngokuphelele ngoba zivumela ukusebenzisa izisikhwama zokusebenza ngokuphakeme noma ukubalwa kwezinkambo ngokuphelele kwezindawo zonke. Ukubheka ngokuphakeme kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphakeme. Amahospitale ayisebenzisa izimboni zokubheka njengezimboni zokubheka ngokubuka umoya, ukubheka isikhundla sokuhamba kwamanzi ngokusebenzisa izibhola zokubheka, nokubheka ngokuphakeme izinguquko zokuphakama. Even tiny variations in pressure readings, something as small as plus or minus 0.005 inches water gauge, can seriously compromise the sterile environment we're trying to maintain.

Teknoloji Yokuzwa kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokuphatha izihlalo ezinkulu

HEPA vs. ULPA vs. MERV-16: Ukusebenza, Izinga Lokuthenga, Nokubaluleka Kwemithombo Yezempilo

Ukukhetha isisitemu sesifilitha esihle sivumela ukuthola indawo eyodwa phakathi kwezinto ezingahlukeni: izinkinga zezimpilo zomuntu ozokuziphatha, ukuthi yini ukuthi isisitemu sisebenza kangakanani nesikhundla esisemthwakathini, nokuthi yini ukuthi kubhekise kubudgete bokuphelela. Amasifilitha ase-HEPA ayisibonelo esihle kakhulu kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezimpilo (operating rooms) apho ukugcina ukuthi kungabi nolwazi lwezimpilo (sterility) kuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu, njengoba kusetyenziswa emaphakathi kwezindlela zokufaka amasonto noma kwezindlela zokusebenza kwezinyawo, ngokulandela izindlela zase-ASHRAE 170-2021. Amasifilitha ase-ULPA ayathola ukuthi akhuthaza amaphartikili ngendlela enenhle (ngaphezu kwe-99.999% kwezinhlobo zemaphartikili ezingama-0.12 microns), kodwa kunezinkinga zokuthengisa. Lezi zisifilitha ezinkulu ziyakhiwa ukuthi zibe nesixhobo sokuvimbela okuphakeme kwezindawo zokuhlanza umoya, okuthi amafan ziyakufuna ukusebenza ngendlela enenhle — ukusebenzisa umoya kuyapha kusuka ku-15% ukuze kube ku-25% kusukela kwezinhlobo zamasifilitha ase-HEPA. Izindlela zokufaka kwasekhaya ziyapha futhi ngaphezu kwe-40%, futhi zingaba phakathi kwe-$1,500 kanye ne-$3,000 ngalunye ulwazi olutholakala kwezindaba zokubuilding and environment kusukela ngo-2025. Kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezimpilo zokubaluleka kakhulu, amasifilitha ase-MERV-16 ayakhiwa ukuthi aqinisekise indlela eyodwa. Bayakhuthaza ama-95% amaphartikili aphakathi kwe-0.3 kanye ne-1.0 microns, futhi balungile kakhulu njengezinsimbi zokuphela kusukela (pre-filters) uma bahlukaniswa ngamashilitha ase-HEPA ekupheleni kwezindawo zokuhlanza umoya. Le ndlela yokuqondana yasemthwakathini yayiqinisekisiwe ngokuchazwa kwezimpilo ukuthi iyabeka isikhundla sokusebenza kwezimpilo sokuphela ngaphezu kwe-18%, futhi yasiza ukuthi isikhundla sokuphela kwezimpilo siyadlula ngendlela enenhle futhi isivumele ukuthi izindlela zokuphela kwezimpilo ziyadlula ngendlela enenhle kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezimpilo.

Ukukhokha Kwezinkinga Zokuphakama nokuvula Kwamafutha Okuhle: Ukwenza Amathuba Osebenza Okungabi Nokubili

Ukuthola isibalance esihle phakathi kwezinkinga zokuphatha ipresha neziflow zemvelo zokuhlanza kuyinto eyamisa izindawo eziphathelene nesikhungo sokusebenza. Izindawo zokusebenza zizodla ngokuphakama kwezinkulungwane ezimbili ukuya kwezinkulungwane ethathu zezinkulungwane zezibhalo zomlilo (inches water column) kulandela kwezindawo zokuzwana, okuyinto engeyona kuphela emnye kodwa iyayisibhokisi esihle uma izinyoka zivulwa. Uhlanya lokho nokufaka amasistimu weziflow zemvelo zokuhlanza ozinakwenza ngokuvula ngokuphakama kusuka emkhosini kusukela emhlabeni noma ngokushona ngokwahlulela kusuka kwezindawo zokusebenza zokusebenza, futhi sizobona into enjalo. Amahlaya ayo aqondwa ngokuphatha kwe-HEPA ayasebenza ngokuhlakahlaka kweziflow zemvelo zokuhlanza ngokuphakama kwe-0.4 kusukela ku-0.5 metri ngosekondi. Yini okuhlinzeka kulesisistimu kunezisistimu zokuhlanza zokusebenza? Ukufika kwamaflo zemvelo kuyenza indawo yamahlaya esihlanza esihamba ngaphansi kwezindawo zokusebenza, ekubhekisela ngokuphambuka kwezincinci noma amadoda abonakalayo ngaphandle kokuba bafike kumazwi amabi. Amaphenyo akhombisa ukuthi le misistimu ibeka isikhundla sokuhlanza ngaphezu kwe-90% kwezindawo ezibalulekile kwezindawo. Abasewisi bakhumbula kakhulu lokhu ngokusebenza kwezindlela zokugcina, njengokusebenza kwezindawo zokugcina zokugcina kwezindawo zokugcina, lapho ukugcina kwezinto zonke kuyinto enkulu.

Ukufumana imiphumela emihle kuyaphendula ngokujulile kakhulu ukuthi yini na okwenziwa ngokuphelele. Isilwane kufanele sisebenze ngokusha okuphelele kuzo zonke izindawo, kubhalela konke okugcwele kwesikhumba, futhi kuselwa zonke izindawo zokungena kumbhali njengamalayithi, amasiko angaphezulu, nezindlela zokuhlanganisa ezincwadini. Ngokwemifanekiso yezibalo zokudonsa isilwane, izinkinga ezingaphansi zingabizwa kakhulu. Izinto njengezinkampani ezenziwa ngokungafanele noma abantu baphambana kungaba yizinkinga zokudonsa okuzoba kubiza amaphartikili ukufika emazinitable ezokusebenza nezinye izindawo. Amaphayipha ayasho ukuthi lezi zinkinga zingaba yisibonelo sokuthi kungaba nezinkampani ezingu-87% kungenye ngezinkampani zokufika lapho zizakwenziwa ngokuphelele. Ukwenziwa kahle nokuhlenga kahle kuyabizwa kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zokukhokha zenza lezi zindawo ezingaphansi kakhulu zokufuna ukusebenza kwezinsuku zethu. Kuyakwaziwa ngokwenzeka ukuthi amaphartikili angaphezulu angabizwa kakhulu ukuthi kungaba nokuvutha okuhle kwezintfombi emva kokusebenza.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Kungani ukuvulwa kwezinyawo kubalulekile emaphathini okusebenza kwezihospitali?

Ukuvulwa kwezinyawo emaphathini okusebenza kwezihospitali kubalulekile ngoba kusiza ekuphulukiseni kwemiphumela yezifo ngokugcina izinto ezingavuliwe ezihlukaniswe kwezinyawo, ukufiltera kahle kwezinyawo, nokulawula ukuvulwa kwezinyawo ngendlela yokuvula ukuze kutholakale indawo engekho amasiko.

Ukuthi i-HEPA ne-MERV-16 zifilteri ziyasebenza njani emaphathini okusebenza?

I-HEPA ne-MERV-16 zifilteri zisebenzisa ukususa izinkambo ezingaphezulu, futhi kuzo izibacteria nezivirus, kwezinyawo emaphathini okusebenza. I-HEPA ifilteri isusa ngaphezu kwe-99.97% yezinkambo ezingu-0.3 microns, ngakho-ke i-MERV-16 ifilteri isusa ngaphezu kwe-95% yezinkambo ezingu-0.3 kuze ne-1.0 microns.

Ukuthi ukuvulwa kwezinyawo okuphelele kuyini futhi kungani kubalulekile?

Ukuvulwa kwezinyawo okuphelele kukuvula kwezinyawo okuphakathi kwezinyawo ezikhethekile ekuphakathini kwezinyawo ezikhethwe kwezindawo zokusebenza, okususa izinto ezingavuliwe futhi okunika indawo engcwele. Kusiza ekuphulukiseni kwemiphumela yezinkambo ezingavuliwe ekufihleni kwemithambo yezindawo zokusebenza.

Ukuvulwa kwezinyawo okuphelele kuthinta njani izindleko zokuhlela abantu?

Ukuvulwa kahle kungakwazi ukunciphisa ukuthi izikhathi zokuhlanganiswa kwemithambo yezimpilo yezibhizinisi, okuyisivumelwano sokunciphisa imali yezimpilo ekubenzelweni kwezikhathi lezi. Ukunqoba izikhathi zokuhlanganiswa kungasiza ukuthi abantu bafanele ngokuphelele futhi kunganciphisa ubukhulu bezimali ezikhethekileyo kwezihospitale.