Inkuni Yesilungiso: Ukuqeda Isenzelelo Ngaphakathi Ngokwanele

Indlela Izinhloso Zokuhlinzwa Zizangezi Ubume Bendawo Yokuhlala

Ukuxhulunyaniswa phakathi kwezinhloso zokuhlinzwa nabume bendawo yokuhlala (IAQ)

Ukuvikela kahle akuyona into ehlambile kuphela kodwa yinto ebalulekile ngempela xa kufanele kube yilapho ukunciphisa umnyango wasekhaya, into eyilistelwe nguEnvironmental Protection Agency njengalokho okukhulu kakhulu kuthintelo lokuzinza komphakathi. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenza ngokushintsha amava adala angaviki kakhulu ngamava amasha avikilwe kusuka ngaphandle, okusiza ekunciphiseni izilingo zezimithi elimbi esibiza ngaba VOCs, ngaphandle kwezinkunzi namandla e-CO2. Isayensi eqhathshwayo ngothisha lwalesi sikhathi lapho kubekwe ukuthi izindlu ezingenalo uxhumano olungcono lwamava bezange bafuna phakathi kwe-20 kuze kube 50 phesenti kabanzi kwizinkinga zokuphefumula kubantu abasebenzisa lezo zindlu. Lo msebenzi wale ngxenye usinikeza indlela engqongqo kakhulu ukuthini ukukhetha kahle ukuvikela kumele kube yisidingo sokuba nomdla ngokuphepha nokuzinza kahle kubantu besekhaya.

Izindlela zokususa izimithi elimbi: Ukudilutha, ukuvikela, nokulawula uxhumano lwamava

Lezi zinhlelo ezintsha zisebenzisa izindlela ezintathu eziphambili ukuze zicimise isimo sekhaya:

• Ukuhlambisana : Ukuhlaziywa kweyosi esiphakeme ngayo yekhanda eliza kusuka kumkhawulo, ukuthula izilinganiso ze-CO₂ nge-30−70% emakhanda asebenzini
• Ukufinyelela : Iifilthri ze-HEPA okanye ze-MERV 13+ zibambe i-99% yeziphazanyo ezingaphezu kuka-0.3 microns, kubandakanya izizakalo nezimpuphumanele
• Ukulahlekelwa kweyohlobo : Izivivekeli ezinemigomo nezimotshana zihlinza ukungasebenzi kwesitsalazo, okubaluleke kuzindlu zokudla nezilaborithori

Umbuzo ubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezihlangene ezihlangene lezi zindlela zifinyelela izitsalazo ngokushesha kuka-40−60% kunazo ezisebenzisa indlela eyodwa.

Iingcinelelo ze-CDC malunga nokulahlekelwa kweyosi nokuncipha kwezitsalazo eziphazanyeni

I-CDC isebenza ukulahlekelwa kweyosi njengencazelo ekhiye ekulahlekeleni kwemithombo yesifo eziphazanyeni. Ingxoxo engu-2023 yezintaba zomphakathi zombuso ibonise ukuthi izigaba ezinenzuzwano ezenziwa ngendlela yokusebenzisa izimotshana zazithola izicelo eziphansi kuka-52% zezinsukwane zokuchitha kunazo amakhanda apholileyo. Izinhlelo ezenziwa ngempumelelo futhi zithula ukuthutha kwempuphumanele engaphathelene nembala ngama-65%, ekulungisweni kuhlaza olubaluleke kwezinsukwane zabadlali ngokwamacebo we-WHO.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlelo Yokulahlekelwa Kweyosi: Ezenzekelayo, Ezehlangothini, Nezihlangene

Amakhaya amandulo achaza kumithambo yethri yesimiso sokuvavanywa kwamaye kuyekelwe (IAQ): ukuvavanya ngendlela, nesimo sikhuphukayo, nemithambo yokudlulisela. Lomqondo wunye unikeza izinkinobodlo ngokwehlukanisa izici zokuhlaka, ukusebenzisa kwezimali, nokudlulisela kwamaye.

Ukuvavanya Ngendlela: Ukusebenzisa Ukungena KukaNhlangothi Nokuvavanya Ngaphakathi KukaNhlangothi Lokuhlanjelana Kwamaye

Ukuvavanywa kwezulu kusebenza ngokuvikela izulu likhululeke kuze kube ngezinkomba, ivents, futhi nakho amagqabi embangalala ukuze kususe izinto ezimbi. Ukuvavanywa kabili kuyisikhathi esisha ngokufaka amvalo kuzindawo ezifanele ukuze izulu likhazimolise izulu eziphelele kwindawo. Isibonelo sibaluleke ngoba lezi zinhlelo zisinda imali futhi azidingi amandla. Kodwa kusebenza kahle kuphela uma ubomi buhambisana. Ngokusha kwesivumelwano seCDC ngo-2022, ukuvula izinkomba kususa izimpilo zezulu ngaphezu kuka-30% ku-50% lapho akukho mkhawulo omkhulu wobuso. Kodwa abantu abahlala nezindlela ezinezilongo kanye nezindawo zemfundo baya kufuna ububi bezulu phakathi uma basebenzisa izulu phandle kakhulu ngomso wamafu.

Izinhlelo Zokuvavanya Zemithuthi: Uqinisekisa Ukudluliswa Kwezulu Okuphathelene Nokuphatha

Amaphutha namathuba kuyizinhlayiya zokulahlekelwa komoya okuphumelelayo okugcina umgodi wokulahlwa kwemoye kakhulu ngakho konke okuhlala kusenzekwa phandle. Isidingo esikhulu sitholakala ngezinhlayiyeli eziphinde ziphinde zinefilta ze-HEPA noma lezo MERV-13 ezibheka ngaphezu kwezintshontsho ezincane ezingaphezu kwe-2.5 microns. Kanti, lezi zinhlayiyeli zidla amandla ngaphezu kwe-15% ukuya ku-30% kunazo ezivuselelayo, kodwa ulwazi olusha lwelishumi elinesihlanu lalabona into ethile ethandabuzwayo. Leli faka labonisa futhi ukuthi izinhlayiyeli zokulahlekelwa kumoya kugcina izinkohlakalo zangaphakathi ngezansi kwezinkinga ezingu-12 ngasenyokeni yomjikelezo embangweni womphakathi nezindawo zokrhasha. Lokhu kuyinto eqinisileyo ekubonakalayo ngokulinganisa nembangalanga ebephatha amaphondo nesigodini sokulungiselela umoya omusha, ikakhulu emadulwini apho izinkohlakalo zilahla zilinde.

Ukulahlekelwa Komoya Ngendlela Ehlukene: Ukuqashisa Kwe-Amandla Nokuphatha Okuhle Kwe-IAQ

Imithombo yehibhridi iyambisa izinhlelo zokunaturala nezomshini ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinkulungwane ezihlukene kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlolwa. Sebenzisa amakhaya njengombala. Kuningi kazo kufunda ngemvula yokugcina xa kushayiselwe kude, kodwa emva kwalokho kuyishintsha ukususa umoya wesimilo uma izilinganiso ze-PM2.5 ziye phezulu. Ezinye izahluko zibonisa ukuthi lezi zinhlelo ezihlukene zingakha kuzimali eziphathekayo ye-HVAC ngaphakathi kwe-18 kuze kube ngu-22 kabili ngonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihlinza izilinganiso ze-carbon dioxide ngezansi kumkhumbi othile we-800 ppm esiyazi ukuthi unendima yini ekujuleni kwamandla okumelana komzimba. Lokhu kwenza uhlelo olubalulekile eziphawuleni apho ubunzima bomoya phakathi kakhulu.

Ukudizaina Nezihlukanisa Zesimo Sezivikelo Ngokuphakeme

Xa khethekisa inqanawa emangalisweni yokuvuselela, kukhona ngempela izinto ezintathu eziphambili okumele ukuzimisela kuzo kuqala: uqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi avuselele ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni, ukulawula lapho izinkohlakalo zavuswa kulo, nokugcina inkinobho yikhowunjana le-enerji leyo inqanawa isebenzisa. Abasebenzi abaningi kule ndawo bakhuluma ngomdaba wokufunda izinguquko ze-air ngehora (ACH) ngokulinganayo kwesikhathi esifanayo. Izilabo zihlala dingezwa phakathi kwe-6 ne-12 ACH, futhi izindawo ezijwayelekile zegumbi lokusebenza zihlala zithola ngokuphelele nge-2 kuya ku-4 ACH. Kanti manje sibeke inkinobho yengoma - akukho muntu ofuna ukusebenza kaphendula akhathazekile njengemoto yesityayi esisebenzisa emuva, ngakho ke izinhlobo eziningi ziyashiyela phansi ngaphansi kwe-35 decibels. Isimo esisha se-ASHRAE lesi-2022 sinesiqondiso esijwayelekile ngokuthi yini eyaziwa ngiyi mininingi yokuvuselela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo ezahlukene, ekubonakaliseni akakhelwanga ama-23 angahlukeneyo ngokwamakhono awo.

Ukulungiswa Kwizinguquko Ze-Air Ngesandla Se-Energy

Izinqumo ezintsha zokuphuthelana kusetyenziswa iimodeli ze-computational ukuze kunciphiseke ukugcwalisa kwe-enerji ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kwebumbane. Ingxoxo engu-2023 yabelana ukuba izixhobo ze-variable-air-volume (VAV) nge-sensors ze-CO₂ zazikwazi ukunciphisa iseko se-enerji ngama-30% emakhaya ekhashe ngelishwa ukugcina amanzi apha ngaphezulu kwe-PM2.5 phantsi kwe-12 µg/m³. Iindlela eziphambili zilandelayo:

• Iivekile zokurekhala umthwalo (HRVs) ezibuyisela ubungozi obukhulu kune-60−80%
• Ukuvavanywa okubhekene nokudinga (DCV) okunciphisa ubunzima bokuvavanywa ngexesha apho kukho abantu abancinane
• Iindlela zokucwalisa ngonyaka emkhathini waseLiliziba

Ubungakanani nobunikhiphano obuchanekileyo beenguqu ezivavanywayo ukuze kube nephephandaba

Ukufakwa kwezixhobo eziphumelelayo kufolowise imithetho yamathathu: ukwahlulwa kwegesi yokungena/okuphuma (umgama omncane weshayi elinefuta), ukuqwalasela kwexesha lokulahla eliqhelekileyo ngezindlela zokuphuma kwegesi, kunye nefiltari ngokweendawo ezithile ezineentsebenzo ephambili. Iingxelo zeempatho zegesi (CFD) eziveliswe yi 2024 Mechanical Ventilation Optimization Report zibonisa ukuba ukufakwa kwegesi ngobuso obunxande kuyaphucula ubunzima bokudityaniswa kwegesi ngama-40% kunene kwegesi efakwe phezu kwegoli.

Isifundo seNtonga: Ukuqhutshwa KweNtaka Yenkalo Emakhaya Ekhuthazwayo Ngempahla Yezindlu Zokusebenza

Isifundo esinjalo-mnyaka-15 sesidlobo sikaLEED Platinum sibonisa iziqondiso eziphawuleleyo phakathi kwegesi eqhubekayo ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nentsingiselo yendawo yokusebenza. Abasebenzi abaphulaphali nangamaxabiso asebenzayo angaphezu kwegesi enegesi ye-MERV 13 kunye negesi yedluluboshwa engaphezu kwe-8.5 L/s/umntu babonisa:

Le ngxelo ibalulekile kwiimfuno zeWHO ezilandelayo <1000 ppm CO₂ ekugcineni inkalo, efumaneka ngokusebenzisa isivuno segesi ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Izobuchwephesha Zomlando Ne-Real-Time Monitoring Kwi-Ventilation Elisha

Ukungena kwezikhululi ezintsmart zokulandela ubume bwegazi phakathi ngokuphambene

Iziphazamiso ezivumelekile ku-IoT zanowukuba izilinganiso ze-CO₂, izinkuni, nezimbiqo ezingavamile ngendlela enegcobo le-95%, zithumela imininingwane kwiidashibhodi eziseCloud ngaloku 15. Iindawo zihlawula ngokuzenzekelayo umthwalo wokunyusa kwegazi xa zibona ukuthi izilinganiso zezimpampa ziyaphantsi kwe- WHO thresholds—lo yindlela ebalulekile emakhaya amagugu nemitholampilo.

Ukulungiselela kwe-HVAC nokulawula kwegazi ngendlela ephuculayo

Iindawo zokunyusa kwegazi zilandelayo zisetyenzisa i-MERV 14 filters ngezixhobo zokulungiswa okuphathekayo ezilandela indlela efuduka kweefilter. Le mifani engu-AI ibenza ukuthi izindleko zokulungiswa ziphansi ngama-28% kunokulungiswa okusetyenziselwa ishiya, ngelishwa kuthatha ama-98% ezigadini egazi engaphansi kwe-0.3 microns.

Ukunikezwa kwezinto: Ukongezwa kwebala elizayo ekhankanyweni kwebala elizayo kumthombo wezobuchwephesha yokunyusa kwegazi

Abasebenzisi bezigaba zokuthengisa bafuna ukubheka kakhulu kumongo wokulunga kwamandla okuphuma ngexesha elithile, no-63% babuyekele imithombo ukuze bakwazi ukufumanisa i-Standards ye-ASHRAE 241-2023. Ubungozi bezixhobo zokunyanga ezinexeshana lezinyawo ezenziwa ngokuzenzekalelayo libe liphinde libe yi-170% ngaphandle kwe-2020, ikakhulu emasethshini amandulo nezigaba ezimbili zokuhlala.

Ukusebenzisa Izinqumo Zonyango Emasethshini Nezigaba Ezothengayo

Ukunyanga Kwisigaba: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezimali Nezibambene

Ukuvavanywa kwezulu ngendlela eyisisekelo ekuhlaleni kusebenza ngokuvikela ukuthi izulu ezintsha zifudumele kwiwindow enevuliwe nezikhala ezincane kumgudu wakhiwako, okususa amaphuzu ekhishiywa kumthelelo futhi kunciphisa izindleko zokukhazimula. Uma abahlali bakhokha le ndlela ejwayelekile nalezi zinhleli zedamperi ezilungisa ngokuzenzekalelayo ngokulinganisa ngezimo, bafuna uhlelo olubalulekile kakhulu kumzimu phakathi kwakhiwo. Iziviko ezithile zange zibonise ukuthi umzimu wasekhaya uphila kabili ngelinye ngemva kokuba kugcine ukuphefumula kanye nokuthinta kwesilulu ngaphandle. Ngokubheka iziviko ezihlukene eziphathekayo emazweni onke, izindlu ezinamathuba alambekayo akekanga agcine amathuba angu-40% kwezindleko zokulima nokushisa kunazo ezisebenzisa izinhlelo ezijwayelekile, zonke njalo zicinga umzimu wesikhala phakathi kwakhiwo ugcwalisekile kangangokwesimanje abantu abaneligugu njengabantwana noma abadala.

Ukuvavanya Kwezomnotho: Ukweseka Kwizimali Ze-IAQ Ngenhlelo Yemoto

Izinkampani eziningi zisebenzisa kakhulu ukulayisha komoya ngokomfanekiso ngoba lezi zinhlekele zikwazi ukuqhamuka kwezimali komoya futhi zisuse izinto ezingahleli kumoya. Zibalulekile kakhulu uma izinkampani zifuna ukulinda ema-OSHA ngokuhlobana nezinto ezihlukumezi njengezinkinga ezincane (PM2.5) nezinkinga ezivimbela kahle (VOCs). Ezinye izahluko ezafika kusho kunezimali ezenziwa ngendlela efanelekile, zafumana into ethandabuzwayo. Uma abasebenzi bezimfundo baphakamisa kahle umoya phakathi kwemithambo yamaphakade, izinkampani zingalima kabili kwezimali zabo zokulayisha kodwa azizange iphazanyiswe kumoya wokuphepha. Umshintsho waseMelika weHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers usishiyela ukuba kubekwe amathuba omoya omusha phakathi kwe-15 kuye ku-20 kwezimali ngeminithi ngumuntu ngaphandle, futhi indlela efanelekile isiza ekugcineni lezi zimpendulo ngesikhathi esifanayo sibeka izindleko.

Ukulayisha Kancane Kunesingo Okunconyiweyo: Ukulondoloza Kwizidingo

Kunezulu kakhulu lomoya omusha okungena kanye nokuphuma emakhaya futhi kuyalwa imali. Kusobala ukuthi ukuvavanywa okuningi kuyenzeka ngama-18 phesenti yokusebenza kwamandla e-HVAC embangweni kuphela. Ngokwesinye isikhathi, uma akukho moya ongenayo otholakala, amakhemikhali we-carbon dioxide angaphakathi kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-1,000 iphasi ngamazibini kamva kokuba abantu bade besisebenza. Umlando wabasebenzi bomzabalazo wokudala izindawo zokuphila ubeka inkinobeko phakathi kwe-4 kuye ku-6 yonke into yokushintjana komoya ngohora engu-1 ezindaweni zokusebenza, ngelishwa izindlu zokuphila zidinga izikhathi ezingu-3 kuya ku-5. Le mininingwane ihlela ukuqinisekisa ubunzima bomoya phakathi kakhulu kodwa ungahluleki amandla ayengalide. Igunya elisha lezinhlelo zokuvavanya ezihlangene nezinhlelo zokulunga ngezinhlelo zokuhlola iqamba lokhu ngokugcwele. Ziqhubeka zohlola kangakanani abantu basekhona futhi nabalinganiso bezigiba njalo, bese zilungiselela ngokuzenzekelayo izilinganiso zomoya owodwa ngoba.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ungani lomugqa wemithuthi yokuhlisa amahubo ekugcineni umnyango wamahubo angaphakathi?

Izimugqa zokuhlisa amahubo zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhuliseni umnyango wamahubo angaphakathi ngokushintsha umoya osheshayo ophakathi ngeyona enguqini, ukucisha i-compounds eziphazanyayo ze-organic, izikhovu, nokuphatha izilinganiso ze-CO2.

Kuyini isiphazamiso phakathi kwezimugqa zokuhlisa amahubo ezinhle ngendlela nezimugqa ezisebenzisa izinhawu?

Izimugqa zokuhlisa amahubo ezinhle ngendlela zisebenzisa umoya ovela kumakhanda namathululi, kodwa izimugqa ezisebenzisa izinhawu zisebenzisa izimoto namadoti ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umoya usuke ngendlela ethile, ngabe ngemisebenzi eyisinkinga yokucisha.

Kuyini izimpumelelo zezimugqa ezihlangene zokuhlisa amahubo?

Lezimugqa ihlangana nezindlela zokuhlisa amahubo ezinhle ngendlela nezisebenzisa izinhawu ukuze ibalasele ubunzima be-energija nesimo esihle samahubo, futhi kangaka kutholakala ukuncipha kokusetshenziswa kwenergija ye-HVAC nokugcina kakhulu kwebhodhi yamahubo.

Kungani ukubeka isimo ku-ye-real-time kubalulekile emithuthini yesimanje yokuhlisa amahubo?

Ukumonitora ngexesha eliqinisekileyo, okwenzekayo ngokusebenzisa iisensiri ezophumelela, zibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni ubomi bempilo wokunyuka kwamava nguqu, ngokuphindaphindwa kumahluko amavungu kwaye ukulungisa umoya ophinde aphinde ngendlela eyenziweyo.